Because propolis comes from variety of plants, availability of the plants sap and the type of bees, no two propolis are alike. They would be different in term of colors, odors and compositions.

Chemical Ingredients

Chemically, propolis is exceedingly complex. Apart from flavonoids, propolis is also rich in caffeic acid phenethyl ester. This is a substance that has been proven to inhibit cancer growth and reduce inflammation in animal studies.

Bee propolis also contains organic acids, their derivatives as well as terpenoids. These constituents contribute to it’s antibiotic, anti fungal and antiviral effects.

Apart from that you will also find :-

• kaempferol
• apigenin
• pinocembrin
• galangin
• luteolin
• pinostrobin, and
• quercitin

All of which are anti-inflammatory, antiallergenic, antioxidant and/or antimutagenic.

Chemically complex

Scientifically, studies done on propolis had found that it actually contains more than 150 chemical components. Some researchers even found as much as 300 components in their sample propolis.

About Propolis Antibacterial and Antiviral Effects

There is an interesting difference between propolis’s antibacterial property compared to an antibiotics.

Antibiotics works by killing bacteria in our body. That includes “friendly” ones needed by the body. Among the good bacteria killed by antibiotics are ones responsible in helping the body produce vitamins like B and K. The more antibiotics you use, the more “friendly” bacteria will you kill.

On the other hand, propolis raises your body’s natural resistance by stimulating your own immune system. It also adds vitamins like B1, B, C, E and essential minerals including iron, aluminum, manganese and silicon to the body.

What is it made of ?

It is made of various resins collected by the honeybees from plants – particularly from flowers, leaf buds and the bark of trees.

Other names

The usually brown substance is also called bee glue. But note, it is not the same as bees wax.

Beeswax is secreted by bees while the chemically complex propolis is collected by bees from trees.

Picture Credit Martin

A populous colony may contain 40,000 to 60,000 bees during the late spring or early summer. Propolis keeps the hive strong and sterile.

What is it used for ?

Bees use the versatile resin for :-

• Sealing cracks and as natural cement to hold their home.
• Keeping themselves and their hives bacteria-free, and
• Coating invaders.

Sealing and strengthening hives

As propolis is sticky in warm weather, bees use it as a form of glue to seal cracks or hold the hive structure together.

Some African tribes are also using propolis in the similar way – to water-proof their water containers and seal cracks in their boats.

Keeping the colony bacteria-free

Living in a hive is like living in a super-busy apartment building, and sharing it with other 50,000 living beings. It’s like making a crowded Tokyo subway your home.

But because propolis is used as the cement of the congested space, as bees squeeze themselves into or out of the hive, they will brush their body against the wall, and the propolis.

This contact with propolis helps reduce bacterial and viral infection from spreading in their congested home. Without some kind of natural antibiotics protection, the whole colony would be dead.

Scientist studying bees have agreed that the hive is as clean and sterile as most of our modern laboratories.

Coating Intruders

If a rodent like a rat enters the hive,  bees will sting it to death and coat the carcass with propolis.

Because it cannot carry the carcass away from its’ hive, bees need a way to sterile the dead body. By embalming the body with an antiseptic shell, the carcass will not rot and spread an epidemic in the congested space.

As it’s already used as the coating and cement for the hive, the anti microbial and antiviral propolis is the fastest and most effective substance for the job.